庄子·逍遥游(第十段)

惠子謂莊子曰:「吾有大樹,人謂之樗。其大本擁腫而不中繩墨,其小枝卷曲而不中規矩,立之塗,匠者不顧。今子之言,大而無用,眾所同去也。」

莊子曰:「子獨不見狸狌乎?卑身而伏,以候敖者;東西跳梁,不辟高下;中於機辟,死於罔罟。今夫斄牛,其大若垂天之雲。此能為大矣,而不能執鼠。今子有大樹,患其無用,何不樹之於無何有之鄉,廣莫之野,彷徨乎無為其側,逍遙乎寢臥其下。不夭斤斧,物無害者,無所可用,安所困苦哉!」

英文译本

James Legge (1891):

Huizi said to Zhuangzi, 'I have a large tree, which men call the Ailantus. Its trunk swells out to a large size, but is not fit for a carpenter to apply his line to it; its smaller branches are knotted and crooked, so that the disk and square cannot be used on them. Though planted on the wayside, a builder would not turn his head to look at it. Now your words, Sir, are great, but of no use - all unite in putting them away from them.'

Zhuangzi replied, 'Have you never seen a wildcat or a weasel? There it lies, crouching and low, till the wanderer approaches; east and west it leaps about, avoiding neither what is high nor what is low, till it is caught in a trap, or dies in a net. Again there is the Yak, so large that it is like a cloud hanging in the sky. It is large indeed, but it cannot catch mice. You, Sir, have a large tree and are troubled because it is of no use - why do you not plant it in a tract where there is nothing else, or in a wide and barren wild? There you might saunter idly by its side, or in the enjoyment of untroubled ease sleep beneath it. Neither bill nor axe would shorten its existence; there would be nothing to injure it. What is there in its uselessness to cause you distress?'

注释

成玄英疏:

樗,栲漆之類,嗅之甚臭,惡木者也。世間名字,例皆虛假,相與嗅之,未知的當,故言人謂之樗也。

樗栲之樹,不材之木,根本擁腫,枝榦攣卷,繩墨不加,方圓無取,立之行路之旁,匠人曾不顧盼也。

樹既擁腫不材,匠人不顧;言亦迂誕無用,眾所不歸。此合喻者也。

子獨不見狸狌捕鼠之狀乎?卑伏其身,伺候傲慢之鼠;東西跳躑,不避高下之地;而中於機關之法,身死罔罟之中,皆以利惑其小,不謀大故也。亦猶擎跪曲拳,執持聖跡,偽情矯性,以要時利,前雖遂意,後必危亡,而商鞅、蘇、張,即是其事。此何異乎捕鼠狸狌死於罔罟也。

斄牛,出西南夷。其形甚大,山中遠望,如天際之雲。藪澤之中,逍遙養性,跳梁投鼠,不及野狸。亦猶莊子之言,不狎流俗,可以理國治身,且長且久者也。

不材之木,枝葉茂盛,婆娑蔭映,蔽日來風,故行李經過,徘徊憩息,徙倚顧步,寢臥其下。亦猶莊子之言,無為虛淡,可以逍遙適性,蔭庇蒼生也。

擁腫不材,拳曲無取,匠人不顧,斤斧無加,夭折之災,何從而至,故得終其天年,盡其生理。無用之用,何所困苦哉!亦猶莊子之言,乖俗會道,可以攝衛,可以全真,既不夭枉於世途,詎肯困苦於生分也!