庄子·逍遥游(第八段)

肩吾問於連叔曰:「吾聞言於接輿,大而無當,往而不返。吾驚怖其言,猶河漢而無極也;大有逕庭,不近人情焉。」

連叔曰:「其言謂何哉?」

曰:「藐姑射之山,有神人居焉,肌膚若冰雪,綽淖約若處子。不食五穀,吸風飲露。乘雲氣,御飛龍,而遊乎四海之外。其神凝,使物不疵而年穀熟。吾以是狂而不信也。」

連叔曰:「然。瞽者無以與乎文章之觀,聾者無以與乎鐘鼓之聲。豈唯形骸有聾盲哉?夫知亦有之。是其言也,猶時女也。之人也,之德也,將旁礡萬物以為一世蘄求也乎亂,孰弊弊焉以天下為事!之人也,物莫之傷,大浸稽天而不溺,大旱金石流土山焦而不熱。是其塵垢粃穅,將猶陶鑄堯舜者也,孰肯以物為事!宋人資章甫而適諸越,越人斷髮文身,無所用之。堯治天下之民,平海內之政,往見四子藐姑射之山,汾水之陽,窅然喪其天下焉。」

英文译本

James Legge (1891):

Jian Wu asked Lian Shu, saying, 'I heard Jie Yu talking words which were great, but had nothing corresponding to them (in reality); once gone, they could not be brought back. I was frightened by them; they were like the Milky Way which cannot be traced to its beginning or end. They had no connexion with one another, and were not akin to the experiences of men.' 'What were his words?' asked Lian Shu, and the other replied, (He said) that 'Far away on the hill of Gu Ye there dwelt a Spirit-like man whose flesh and skin were (smooth) as ice and (white) as snow; that his manner was elegant and delicate as that of a virgin; that he did not eat any of the five grains, but inhaled the wind and drank the dew; that he mounted on the clouds, drove along the flying dragons, rambling and enjoying himself beyond the four seas; that by the concentration of his spirit-like powers he could save men from disease and pestilence, and secure every year a plentiful harvest.' These words appeared to me wild and incoherent and I did not believe them. 'So it is,' said Lian Shu. 'The blind have no perception of the beauty of elegant figures, nor the deaf of the sound of bells and drums. And is it only the bodily senses of which deafness and blindness can be predicated? There is also a similar defect in the intelligence; and of this your words supply an illustration in yourself. That man, with those attributes, though all things were one mass of confusion, and he heard in that condition the whole world crying out to him to be rectified, would not have to address himself laboriously to the task, as if it were his business to rectify the world. Nothing could hurt that man; the greatest floods, reaching to the sky, could not drown him, nor would he feel the fervour of the greatest heats melting metals and stones till they flowed, and scorching all the ground and hills. From the dust and chaff of himself, he could still mould and fashion Yaos and Shuns - how should he be willing to occupy himself with things?' A man of Song, who dealt in the ceremonial caps (of Yin), went with them to Yue, the people of which cut off their hair and tattooed their bodies, so that they had no use for them. Yao ruled the people of the kingdom, and maintained a perfect government within the four seas. Having gone to see the four (Perfect) Ones on the distant hill of Gu Ye, when (he returned to his capital) on the south of the Fen water, his throne appeared no more to his deep-sunk oblivious eyes.

注释

郭象注:

此皆寄言耳。夫神人即今所謂聖人也。夫聖人雖在廟堂之上,然其心無異於山林之中,世豈識之哉!徒見其戴黃屋,佩玉璽,便謂足以纓紱其心矣;見其歷山川,同民事,便謂足以憔悴其神矣;豈知至至者之不虧哉!今言王德之人而寄之此山,將明世所無由識,故乃託之於絕垠之外而推之於視聽之表耳。處子者,不以外傷內。

夫體神居靈而窮理極妙者,雖靜默閒堂之裏,而玄同四海之表,故乘兩儀而御六氣,同人群而驅萬物。

苟無物而不順,則浮雲斯乘矣;

無形而不載,則飛龍斯御矣。

遺身而自得,雖淡然而不待,坐忘行忘,忘而為之,故行若曳枯木,止若聚死灰,是以云其神凝也。其神凝,則不凝者自得矣。世皆齊其所見而斷之,豈嘗信此哉!

聖人形同枯木,心若死灰,本跡一時,動寂俱妙,凝照潛通,虛懷利物。遂使四時順序,五穀豐登,人無災害,物無夭枉。聖人之處世,有此功能,肩吾未悟至言,謂為狂而不信。

夫聖人之心,極兩儀之至會,窮萬物之妙數。故能體化合變,無往不可,旁礡萬物,無物不然。世以亂故求我,我無心也。我苟無心,亦何為不應世哉!然則體玄而極妙者,其所以會通萬物之性,而陶鑄天下之化,以成堯舜之名者,常以不為為之耳。孰弊弊焉勞神苦思,以事為事,然後能乎!

無往而不安,則所在皆適,死生無變於己,況溺熱之間哉!故至人之不嬰乎禍難,非避之也,推理直前而自然與吉會。

夫堯之無用天下為,亦猶越人之無所用章甫耳。然遺天下者,固天下之所宗。天下雖宗堯,而堯未嘗有天下也,故窅然喪之,而嘗遊心於絕冥之境,雖寄坐萬物之上而未始不逍遙也。

四子者蓋寄言,以明堯之不一於堯耳。夫堯實冥矣,其跡則堯也。自跡觀冥,內外異域,未足怪也。世徒見堯之為堯,豈識其冥哉!故將求四子於海外而據堯於所見,因謂與物同波者,失其所以逍遙也。然未知至遠之(跡)〔所〕順者更近,而至高之所會者反下也。若乃厲然以獨高為至而不夷乎俗累,斯山谷之士,非無待者也,奚足以語至極而遊無窮哉!

堯舜者,世事之名耳;為名者,非名也。故夫堯舜者,豈直堯舜而已哉?必有神人之實焉。今所稱堯舜者,徒名其塵垢粃穅耳。